The answer to whether Beowulf

The answer to whether Beowulf is sophisticated or crude lies in establishing its historical origins. Therefore, it is important to examine the author, perhaps more so than the text. However, an examination of both reveals that author and text are anything but crude. Beowulf, the oldest surviving English epic, dates between the eighth and tenth centuries. Despite the 200-year span when the work could have been written, its subject matter relates to events that took place centuries before.In fact, the epic poem artistically captures the events of England’s Germanic origins. According to Norton Anthology editors, the poet, not only documented some historical facts but also succeeded in â€Å"reviving the heroic language style, and pagan world of ancient Germanic oral poetry, a world that was already remote to his contemporaries† (Norton Anthology Vol. 1, 29). The author, conjectured to be a Christian, manages to describe a pagan world, outside his everyday experience, thro ugh Christian allusions.Moreover, he does so by transcending language barriers. His text was composed in a dialect known as Marcia, while his references must have taken any number of while his references must have taken any number of lingual identities/backgrounds. In terms of its relative meaning Norton’s Anthology editors allege the text to be â€Å"†¦a remarkable and difficult work even in its own day† (Norton Anthology Vol. 1, 29), more so now given the limited information on Germanic oral epics.Secondly, as evidence of its sophistication, Beowulf is prolific with recognizable epic conventions, examples of Christian-pagan sympathy, and even creative linguistic ability. It is episodic and with only a brief history of the problems confronting the Danes, arguably begins in medias res. In fact, â€Å"†¦the poem turns on Beowulf’s three great fights against preternatural evil, which inhabits human society (Norton Anthology Vol. I, 30). The author succe ssfully develops a larger than life enemy for his hero to confront.He arguably aligns the hero Beowulf with a larger trajectory of magnanimous Christians, among them, the first and most notable, Jesus Christ. Still, epic conventions aside, the author employs rather sophisticated writing techniques. There is evidence he was a â€Å"wordsmith,† as the poem is prolific with â€Å"†¦hapax legomena – that is, words recorded only once in a language†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Norton Anthology Vol. I, 29). This suggests the writer was comfortable enough with linguistics to invent words, which more aptly captured his literary intent.In addition to his linguistic abilities, there is evidence the author of Beowulf knew how to manipulate poetic conventions. For example, his poem uses conventions common to oral poetry, like chiastic cyanghanedd in line 154 of the poem â€Å"nothing but war; how he would never,† which creates the consonant repetition of n/w/w/n (Norton Anthology Vo l. I, 35). Another example of the same technique is alternative cyanghanedd where he creates consonant repetition with line 126 of the poem, â€Å"then as dawn, brightened and the day broke,† d/b/d/b (Norton Anthology Vol.I, 35). Clearly the author is sophisticated enough a writer to emulate, in writing style, the ancient Germanic or Old English oral tradition of using certain patterns of consonants to remember lines. Finally, as further evidence of its sophistication Beowulf is written in such a manner that it allows readers to extrapolate meaning beyond the text. That is to say, figures like Beowulf’s three enemies could symbolize, in terms of Christian convention, Satan and/or his imps.In essence, these figures are non-corporeal and evidential of the author’s successful creation of figures, which transcend his age to have meaning for future Christian audiences. In addition, the author recreates in vivid detail, a world preceding his own and simultaneously lef t for future generations, a glimpse into the ancient Germanic world. Consequently, Beowulf is by no means crude when one considers the author of the work and its socio-historical background. Clearly, a sophisticated person, well read and educated on ancient German history and tradition and possessed of aesthetic ability wrote this poem.He deliberately sought to and succeeded in writing a timeless work, one that recreates a time centuries before his own while transcending, in terms of cultural relevance, any post-Christian age. In writing Beowulf, the author employs a number of techniques, which suggest a cosmopolitan viewpoint informed the work. Beowulf, complex and written by a refined author, is the antithesis of crude. Works Cited Anoymous. â€Å"Beowulf. † The Norton Anthology English Literature . Volume I. 7th edition. Ed. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. 29-99.

Culture Shock Essay

Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country or to a move between social environments also a simple travel to another type of life. One of the most common causes of culture shock involves individuals in a foreign environment. Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of five distinct phases: Honeymoon, Negotiation, Adjustment, Mastery and Independence, are the most common attributes that pertain to existing problems, further hindrances include: information overload, language barrier, generation gap, technology gap, skill interdependence, formulation dependency, homesickness (cultural), infinite regress (homesickness), boredom (job dependency), response ability (cultural skill set). There is no true way to entirely prevent culture shock, as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts differently. The four phases Honeymoon phase During this period, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light. For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new food, the pace of life, and the locals’ habits. During the first few weeks, most people are fascinated by the new culture. They associate with nationals who speak their language, and who are polite to the foreigners. This period is full of observations and new discoveries. Like most honeymoon periods, this stage eventually ends.[4] Negotiation phase After some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety. Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger as one continues to experience unfavorable events that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one’s cultural attitude. Language barriers, stark differences in public hygiene, traffic safety, food accessibility and quality may heighten the sense of disconnection from the surroundings. While being transferred into a different environment puts special pressure on communication skills, there are practical difficulties to overcome, such as circadian rhythm disruption that often leads to insomnia and daylight drowsiness; adaptation of gut flora to  different bacteria levels and concentrations in food and water; difficulty in seeking treatment for illness, as medicines may have different names from the native country’s and the same active ingredients might be hard to recognize. Still, the most important change in the period is communication: People adjusting to a new culture often feel lonely and homesick because they are not yet used to the new environment and meet people with whom they are not familiar every day. The language barrier may become a major obstacle in creating new relationships: special attention must be paid to one’s and others’ culture-specific body language signs, linguistic faux pas, conversation tone, linguistic nuances and customs, and false friends. In the case of students studying abroad, some develop additional symptoms of loneliness that ultimately affect their lifestyles as a whole. Due to the strain of living in a different country without parental support, international students often feel anxious and feel more pressure while adjusting to new cultures—even more so when the cultural distances are wide, as patterns of logic and speech are different and a special emphasis is put on rhetoric. Adjustment phase Again, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more â€Å"normal†. One starts to develop problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture and begins to accept the culture’s ways with a positive attitude. The culture begins to make sense, and negative reactions and responses to the culture are reduced. Mastery phase In the mastery stage assignees are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Mastery does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. It is often referred to as the biculturalism stage Reverse culture shock Reverse Culture Shock (a.k.a. â€Å"Re-entry Shock†, or â€Å"own culture shock†) may take place — returning to one’s home culture after growing accustomed to a  new one can produce the same effects as described above. This results from the psychosomatic and psychological consequences of the readjustment process to the primary culture. The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock. This phenomenon, the reactions that members of the re-entered culture exhibit toward the re-entrant, and the inevitability of the two are encapsulated in the saying â€Å"you can’t go home again,† first coined by Thomas Wolfe in his book of that title. Outcomes There are three basic outcomes of the Adjustment Phase: Some people find it impossible to accept the foreign culture and integrate. They isolate themselves from the host country’s environment, which they come to perceive as hostile, withdraw into a â€Å"ghetto† and see return to their own culture as the only way out. These â€Å"Rejectors† also have the greatest problems re-integrating back home after return. Some people integrate fully and take on all parts of the host culture while losing their original identity. They normally remain in the host country forever. This group is sometimes known as â€Å"Adopters†. Some people manage to adapt to the aspects of the host culture they see as positive, while keeping some of their own and creating their unique blend. They have no major problems returning home or relocating elsewhere. This group can be thought to be somewhat cosmopolitan. Culture shock has many different effects, time spans, and degrees of severity. Many people are handicapped by its presence and do not recognize what is bothering them. Transition shock Culture shock is a subcategory of a more universal construct called transition shock. Transition shock is a state of loss and disorientation predicated by a change in one’s familiar environment which requires adjustment. There are many symptoms of transition shock, some which include: Excessive concern over cleanliness and health Feelings of helplessness and withdrawal Irritability Anger Glazed stare Desire for home and old friends Physiological stress reactions Homesickness Boredom Withdrawal Getting â€Å"stuck† on one thing Suicidal or fatalistic thoughts Excessive sleep Compulsive eating/drinking/weight gain Stereotyping host nationals Hostility towards host nationals Culture Shock The term, culture shock, was introduced for the first time in 1958 to describe the anxiety produced when a person moves to a completely new environment. This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. The feeling of culture shock generally sets in after the first few weeks of coming to a new place. We can describe culture shock as the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin. Often, the way that we lived before is not accepted as or considered as normal in the new place. Everything is different, for example, not speaking the language, not knowing how to use banking machines, not knowing how to use the telephone and so forth. The symptoms of cultural shock can appear at different times. Although, one can experience real pain from culture shock; it is also an opportunity for redefining one’s life objectives. It is a great opportunity for leaning and acquiring new perspectives. Culture shock can make one develop a better understanding of oneself and stimulate personal creativity. Symptoms: Sadness, loneliness, melancholy Preoccupation with health Aches, pains, and allergies Insomnia, desire to sleep too much or too little Changes in temperament, depression, feeling vulnerable, feeling powerless Anger, irritability, resentment, unwillingness to interact with others Identifying with the old culture or idealizing the old country Loss of identity Trying too hard to absorb everything in the new culture or country Unable to solve simple problems Lack of confidence Feelings of inadequacy or insecurity Developing stereotypes about the new culture Developing obsessions such as over-cleanliness Longing for family Feelings of being lost, overlooked, exploited or abused Stages of Culture Shock Culture shock has many stages. Each stage can be ongoing or appear only at certain times. The first stage is the incubation stage. In this first stage, the new arrival may feel euphoric and be pleased by all of the new things encountered. This time is called the â€Å"honeymoon† stage, as everything encountered is new and exciting. Afterwards, the second stage presents itself. A person may encounter some difficult times and crises in daily life. For example, communication difficulties may occur such as not being understood. In this stage, there may be feelings of discontent, impatience, anger, sadness, and feeling incompetence. This happens when a person is trying to adapt to a new culture that is very different from the culture of origin. Transition between the old methods and those of the new country is a difficult process and takes time to complete. During the transition, there can be strong feelings of dissatisfaction. The third stage is characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture. A new feeling of pleasure and sense of humor may be experienced. One may start to feel a certain psychological balance. The new arrival may not feel as lost and starts to have a feeling of direction. The individual is more familiar with the environment and wants to belong. This initiates an evaluation of the old ways versus those of the new. In the fourth stage, the person realizes that the new culture has good and bad things to offer. This stage can be one of double integration or triple integration depending on the number of cultures that the person has to process. This integration is accompanied by a more solid feeling of belonging. The person starts to define him/herself and establish goals for living. The fifth stage is the stage that is called the â€Å"re-entry shock.† This occurs when a return to the country of origin is made. One may find that things are no longer the same. For example, some of the newly acquired customs are not in use in the old culture. These stages are present at different times and each person has their own way of reacting in the stages of culture shock. As a consequence, some stages will be longer and more difficult than others. Many factors contribute to the duration and effects of culture shock. For example, the individual’s state of mental health, type of personality, previous experiences, socio-economic conditions, familiarity with the language, family and/or social support systems, and level of education. How to Fight Culture Shock The majority of individuals and families that immigrate from other countries have the ability to positively confront the obstacles of a new environment. Some ways to combat stress produced by culture shock are: Develop a hobby Don’t forget the good things you already have! Remember, there are always resources that you can use Be patient, the act of immigrating is a process of adaptation to new situations. It is going to take time Learn to be constructive. If you  encounter an unfavorable environment, don’t put yourself in that position again. Be easy on yourself. Don’t try too hard. Learn to include a regular form of physical activity in your routine. This will help combat the sadness and loneliness in a constructive manner. Exercise, swim, take an aerobics class, etc. Relaxation and meditation are proven to be very positive for people who are passing through periods of stress Maintain contact with your ethnic group. This will give you a feeling of belonging and you will reduce your feelings of loneliness and alienation Maintain contact with the new culture. Learn the language. Volunteer in community activities that allow you to practice the language that you are learning. This will help you feel less stress about language and useful at the same time. Allow yourself to feel sad about the things that you have left behind: your family, your friends, etc. Recognize the sorrow of leaving your old country. Accept the new country. Focus your power on getting through the transition. Pay attention to relationships with your family and at work. They will serve as support for you in difficult times. Establish simple goals and evaluate your progress. Find ways to live with the things that don’t satisfy you 100%. Maintain confidence in yourself. Follow your ambitions and continue your plans for the future. If you feel stressed, look for help. There is always someone or some service available to help you. What Is It? Culture shock isn’t a clinical term or medical condition. It’s simply a common way to describe the confusing and nervous feelings a person may have after leaving a familiar culture to live in a new and different culture. When you move to a new place, you’re bound to face a lot of changes. That can be exciting and stimulating, but it can also be overwhelming. You may feel sad, anxious, frustrated, and want to go home. It’s natural to have difficulty adjusting to a new culture. People from other cultures (whom you’ll be hanging out with and going to school with) may have grown up with values and beliefs that differ from yours. Because of these differences, the things they talk about, the ways they express themselves, and the importance  of various ideas may be very different from what you are used to. But the good news is that culture shock is temporary. What Causes Culture Shock? To understand culture shock, it helps to understand what culture is. You may know that genes determine a big part of how you look and act. What you might not know is that your environment — your surroundings — has a big effect on your appearance and behavior as well. Your environment isn’t just the air you breathe and the food you eat, though; a big part of your environment is culture. Culture is made up of the common things that members of a community learn from family, friends, media, literature, and even strangers. These are the things that influence how theylook, act, and communicate. Often, you don’t even know you’re learning these things because they become second-nature to you — for instance, the way you shake hands with someone when meeting them, when you eat your meals each day, the kind of things you find funny, or how you view religion. When you go to a new place, such as a new country or even a new city, you often enter a culture that is different from the one you left. Sometimes your culture and the new culture are similar. Other times, they can be very different, and even contradictory. What might be perfectly normal in one culture — for instance, spending hours eating a meal with your family — might be unusual in a culture that values a more fast-paced lifestyle. The differences between cultures can make it very difficult to adjust to the new surroundings. You may encounter unfamiliar clothes, weather, and food as well as different people, schools, and values. You may find yourself struggling to do things in your new surroundings that were easy back home. Dealing with the differences can be very unsettling; those feelings are part adjusting to a new culture.

A Dirty Job Chapter 1

This book is dedicated to Patricia Moss, who was as generous in sharing her death as she was in sharing her life. AND To hospice workers and volunteers all over the world. PART ONE THE SORRY BUSINESS What you seek, you shall never find. For when the Gods made man, They kept immortality for themselves. Fill your belly. Day and night make merry, Let Days be full of joy. Love the child that holds your hand. Let your wife delight in your embrace. For these alone are the concerns of man. – The Epic of Gilgamesh 1 BECAUSE I COULD NOT STOP FOR DEATH – HE KINDLY STOPPED FOR ME – Charlie Asher walked the earth like an ant walks on the surface of water, as if the slightest misstep might send him plummeting through the surface to be sucked to the depths below. Blessed with the Beta Male imagination, he spent much of his life squinting into the future so he might spot ways in which the world was conspiring to kill him – him; his wife, Rachel; and now, newborn Sophie. But despite his attention, his paranoia, his ceaseless fretting from the moment Rachel peed a blue stripe on the pregnancy stick to the time they wheeled her into recovery at St. Francis Memorial, Death slipped in. â€Å"She's not breathing,† Charlie said. â€Å"She's breathing fine,† Rachel said, patting the baby's back. â€Å"Do you want to hold her?† Charlie had held baby Sophie for a few seconds earlier in the day, and had handed her quickly to a nurse insisting that someone more qualified than he do some finger and toe counting. He'd done it twice and kept coming up with twenty-one. â€Å"They act like that's all there is to it. Like if the kid has the minimum ten fingers and ten toes it's all going to be fine. What if there are extras? Huh? Extra-credit fingers? What if the kid has a tail?† (Charlie was sure he'd spotted a tail in the six-month sonogram. Umbilical indeed! He'd kept a hard copy.) â€Å"She doesn't have a tail, Mr. Asher,† the nurse explained. â€Å"And it's ten and ten, we've all checked. Perhaps you should go home and get some rest.† â€Å"I'll still love her, even with her extra finger.† â€Å"She's perfectly normal.† â€Å"Or toe.† â€Å"We really do know what we're doing, Mr. Asher. She's a beautiful, healthy baby girl.† â€Å"Or a tail.† The nurse sighed. She was short, wide, and had a tattoo of a snake up her right calf that showed through her white nurse stockings. She spent four hours of every workday massaging preemie babies, her hands threaded through ports in a Lucite incubator, like she was handling a radioactive spark in there. She talked to them, coaxed them, told them how special they were, and felt their hearts fluttering in chests no bigger than a balled-up pair of sweat socks. She cried over every one, and believed that her tears and touch poured a bit of her own life into the tiny bodies, which was just fine with her. She could spare it. She had been a neonatal nurse for twenty years and had never so much as raised her voice to a new father. â€Å"There's no goddamn tail, you doofus! Look!† She pulled down the blanket and aimed baby Sophie's bottom at him like she might unleash a fusillade of weapons-grade poopage such as the guileless Beta Male had never seen. Charlie jumped back – a lean and nimble thirty, he was – then, once he realized that the baby wasn't loaded, he straightened the lapels on his tweed jacket in a gesture of righteous indignation. â€Å"You could have removed her tail in the delivery room and we'd never know.† He didn't know. He'd been asked to leave the delivery room, first by the ob-gyn and finally by Rachel. (â€Å"Him or me,† Rachel said. â€Å"One of us has to go.†) In Rachel's room, Charlie said: â€Å"If they removed her tail, I want it. She'll want it when she gets older.† â€Å"Sophie, your Papa isn't really insane. He just hasn't slept for a couple of days.† â€Å"She's looking at me,† Charlie said. â€Å"She's looking at me like I blew her college money at the track and now she's going to have to turn tricks to get her MBA.† Rachel took his hand. â€Å"Honey, I don't think her eyes can even focus this early, and besides, she's a little young to start worrying about her turning tricks to get her MFA.† â€Å"MBA,† Charlie corrected. â€Å"They start very young these days. By the time I figure out how to get to the track, she could be old enough. God, your parents are going to hate me.† â€Å"And that would be different how?† â€Å"New reasons, that's how. Now I've made their granddaughter a shiksa.† â€Å"She's not a shiksa, Charlie. We've been through this. She's my daughter, so she's as Jewish as I am.† Charlie went down on one knee next to the bed and took one of Sophie's tiny hands between his fingers. â€Å"Daddy's sorry he made you a shiksa.† He put his head down, buried his face in the crook where the baby met Rachel's side. Rachel traced his hairline with her fingernail, describing a tight U-turn around his narrow forehead. â€Å"You need to go home and get some sleep.† Charlie mumbled something into the covers. When he looked up there were tears in his eyes. â€Å"She feels warm.† â€Å"She is warm. She's supposed to be. It's a mammal thing. Goes with the breast-feeding. Why are you crying?† â€Å"You guys are so beautiful.† He began arranging Rachel's dark hair across the pillow, brought a long lock down over Sophie's head, and started styling it into a baby hairpiece. â€Å"It will be okay if she can't grow hair. There was that angry Irish singer who didn't have any hair and she was attractive. If we had her tail we could transplant plugs from that.† â€Å"Charlie! Go home!† â€Å"Your parents will blame me. Their bald shiksa granddaughter turning tricks and getting a business degree – it will be all my fault.† Rachel grabbed the buzzer from the blanket and held it up like it was wired to a bomb. â€Å"Charlie, if you don't go home and get some sleep right now, I swear I'll buzz the nurse and have her throw you out.† She sounded stern, but she was smiling. Charlie liked looking at her smile, always had; it felt like approval and permission at the same time. Permission to be Charlie Asher. â€Å"Okay, I'll go.† He reached to feel her forehead. â€Å"Do you have a fever? You look tired.† â€Å"I just gave birth, you squirrel!† â€Å"I'm just concerned about you.† He was not a squirrel. She was blaming him for Sophie's tail, that's why she'd said squirrel, and not doofus like everyone else. â€Å"Sweetie, go. Now. So I can get some rest.† Charlie fluffed her pillows, checked her water pitcher, tucked in the blankets, kissed her forehead, kissed the baby's head, fluffed the baby, then started to rearrange the flowers that his mother had sent, moving the big stargazer lily in the front, accenting it with a spray of baby's breath – â€Å"Charlie!† â€Å"I'm going. Jeez.† He checked the room, one last time, then backed toward the door. â€Å"Can I bring you anything from home?† â€Å"I'll be fine. The ready kit you packed covered everything, I think. In fact, I may not even need the fire extinguisher.† â€Å"Better to have it and not need it, than to need it – â€Å" â€Å"Go! I'll get some rest, the doctor will check Sophie out, and we'll take her home in the morning.† â€Å"That seems soon.† â€Å"It's standard.† â€Å"Should I bring more propane for the camp stove?† â€Å"We'll try to make it last.† â€Å"But – â€Å" Rachel held up the buzzer, as if her demands were not met, the consequences could be dire. â€Å"Love you,† she said. â€Å"Love you, too,† Charlie said. â€Å"Both of you.† â€Å"Bye, Daddy.† Rachel puppeted Sophie's little hand in a wave. Charlie felt a lump rising in his throat. No one had ever called him Daddy before, not even a puppet. (He had once asked Rachel, â€Å"Who's your daddy?† during sex, to which she had replied, â€Å"Saul Goldstein,† thus rendering him impotent for a week and raising all kinds of issues that he didn't really like to think about.) He backed out of the room, palming the door shut as he went, then headed down the hall and past the desk where the neonatal nurse with the snake tattoo gave him a sideways smile as he went by. Charlie drove a six-year-old minivan that he'd inherited from his father, along with the thrift store and the building that housed it. The minivan always smelled faintly of dust, mothballs, and body odor, despite a forest of smell-good Christmas trees that Charlie had hung from every hook, knob, and protrusion. He opened the car door and the odor of the unwanted – the wares of the thrift-store owner – washed over him. Before he even had the key in the ignition, he noticed the Sarah McLachlan CD lying on the passenger seat. Well, Rachel was going to miss that. It was her favorite CD and there she was, recovering without it, and he could not have that. Charlie grabbed the CD, locked the van, and headed back up to Rachel's room. To his relief, the nurse had stepped away from the desk so he didn't have to endure her frosty stare of accusation, or what he guessed would be her frosty stare of accusation. He'd mentally prepared a short speech about how being a good husband and father included anticipating the wants and needs of his wife and that included bringing her music – well, he could use the speech on the way out if she gave him the frosty stare. He opened the door to Rachel's room slowly so as not to startle her – anticipating her warm smile of disapproval, but instead she appeared to be asleep and there was a very tall black man dressed in mint green standing next to her bed. â€Å"What are you doing here?† The man in mint green turned, startled. â€Å"You can see me?† He gestured to his chocolate-brown tie, and Charlie was reminded, just for a second, of those thin mints they put on the pillow in nicer hotels. â€Å"Of course I can see you. What are you doing here?† Charlie moved to Rachel's bedside, putting himself between the stranger and his family. Baby Sophie seemed fascinated by the tall black man. â€Å"This is not good,† said Mint Green. â€Å"You're in the wrong room,† Charlie said. â€Å"You get out of here.† Charlie reached behind and patted Rachel's hand. â€Å"This is really, really not good.† â€Å"Sir, my wife is trying to sleep and you're in the wrong room. Now please go before – â€Å" â€Å"She's not sleeping,† said Mint Green. His voice was soft, and a little Southern. â€Å"I'm sorry.† Charlie turned to look down at Rachel, expecting to see her smile, hear her tell him to calm down, but her eyes were closed and her head had lolled off the pillow. â€Å"Honey?† Charlie dropped the CD he was carrying and shook her gently. â€Å"Honey?† Baby Sophie began to cry. Charlie felt Rachel's forehead, took her by the shoulders, and shook her. â€Å"Honey, wake up. Rachel.† He put his ear to her heart and heard nothing. â€Å"Nurse!† Charlie scrambled across the bed to grab the buzzer that had slipped from Rachel's hand and lay on the blanket. â€Å"Nurse!† He pounded the button and turned to look at the man in mint green. â€Å"What happened†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was gone. Charlie ran into the hall, but no one was out there. â€Å"Nurse!† Twenty seconds later the nurse with the snake tattoo arrived, followed in another thirty seconds by a resuscitation team with a crash cart. There was nothing they could do.

News paper report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News paper report - Essay Example It is imperative that however many the articles or authors are trying to find the extent to which the damage has been by global warming; they are not giving out the immediate solution on the same. Global warming, is s form of climate change, causes the rise of water in the sea level. This is a dangerous process since it puts historical sites and the coastal lines in danger, since they are vulnerable to erosion. The nice historic sites of this country are in danger, address the Monday 17, March 2014 newspaper. They are worried that those beautiful sites that were built on coastlines are now in danger (Sawer 2014). This has been caused by global warming, were the sea tides and water level are ever increasing. Worried that these sites are under threat, the main message passed here is that, a way should be established to control the everyday worsening situation. Listing several sites that are under threat, the paper reveals the sites that immediate action should be taken by the government, so that they should be saved from the danger they are facing. The Monday 17, March 2014 is another paper that reveals how global warming has proved a threat to the Greenland. The paper demonstrates the ice sheet that has been resisting global warming is now loose (AFP 2014). This is an issue of concern as the paper demonstrates that the unstable ice now adds billions of tones of melt irrigate to the sea, hence making it rise. The water level is increasing due to the surge in temperature. According to the paper, Greenland is one of those countries that have contributed largely on the rise of the sea level. This is another issue of concerned, caused by global warming, and so the need to live with it should be embraced, since it is a natural phenomenon that nobody can totally control. It forced the energy secretary on the platform of liberal democrat Mr. Ed Davey to attack the climate skeptics on the issue of global warming. In the issue published on March 17, 2014, he

Howard Goodall's 20th Century Greats -- Bernstein Assignment

Howard Goodall's 20th Century Greats -- Bernstein - Assignment Example These fashions include classical, folk and electronic which finally birthed more tastes and advancement in music varieties afterwards. As I watched this movie, I felt that that it was also contrasting modern music with the diatribe past condemned music versions. This is evident in the continuous and venturous tone employed throughout the movie. To add into this, Howard even digs deeply on the personal profiles of the artists such as Bernard Hermann by elaborating how this artist disrupted the former film heritage. For instance, he quotes that Hermann came up with far reaching transitions by employing complete skills and prowess such as employing reduced violin vibrato, contesting string reverberations and cutting melodies to finally retain few key chords. By comparing the four artists, I think Howard Goodall wanted to exemplify to the viewers how a real change from the normal ordinary rhythmic phrases (in the former music and films) to the symphonic orchestra can be like. I think he also aimed at pointing out the fundamental musical elements. These elements include musical rhythm, melody and harmony I also firmly believe that he thought it’s wise for literature audiences to comprehend how these musical elements are intertwined. I think this exposure to various music components helps the individuals who need to venture into music have a firsthand knowledge of what they need to know to perfect in music art and why. This movie for most the part, I think it looks at the integral musical instrumentation and analysis. I think it also checks the significance of incorporating musical harmony and tone with chord variances blended with two or more distinct but related subjects, commonly referred to as Dorian modes. This movie ignited my passion for film literature. It was specifically very captivating, emotional and mind blowing.

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

American History - Essay Example The confederates lost the war because it was outclassed militarily by the north. Though it had strong generals by the book, they failed to mount an offensive that could defeat the commitment of the Northern forces. The North had a strong Navy to put blockades ion river ways and southern seaports. In terms of size, the south was not able to provide a force as big as the north (Bancroft and Nye 32). Dependency on the north for economic progress was also a weakness well exploited by the North. They had industries to produce finished goods and also make weapons. The South did not have many industries with huge economic capabilities. They even had to import their weapons and some of the finished goods. Black men serving in both the union and confederate forces had reduced roles with most of them helping in labor positions. There was the initial fear of arming black men especially in the south where they still remained slaves. They also served as nurses, blacksmiths and cooks in the army. More advanced military roles executed by the blacks included spying and scouting. The use of the black men was not widespread because the white men did not approve of their capabilities. Together with continuous racial discrimination, black men were termed inferior by fellow white men who even failed to train or equip them adequately. The black soldiers serving in the war also received lower payments for their services. The captured black soldiers received harsher punishment than the white prisoners of war. The objective of reconstruction was to make the rebel states come back to the union as well as help freedmen integrate into the society. The political wave by some section intended for those rebel states to face punishment and be subjugated. The punishment occurred but not the subjugation. The goals of the punishment were also not achieved. There were many divided opinions regarding the course of action that hampered the plan (Bancroft and

Critique of Quantitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique of Quantitative Research - Essay Example However, the authors of this article have not given a statistic of what others have done on the same study. It is however important to note that the investigators have provided sense in their research since the organization of the research study is such that there is a research question, followed by how the study was conducted and the results. The investigators have also reinforced sense in their study by using scientific method relate variables to the outcome. The investigators in this research article have clearly stated that there are problem of fall prevention among elderly adults in nursing home settings. However, the investigators have not given a comprehensive statistics to validate the existence of the problem. For instance, when the investigators states that 1.6 million residents fall each year, it is important to state how many of these are elderly (Gray-Miceli et al, 2010). It is also important to note that the authors have not clearly stated the limitations of the current fall prevention strategies for elderly residents. Researchers would have given statistics to show insufficiency of the current based practices, for example statistics showing increasing falls in order to reinforce problem statement and clearly show that current best practices for fall prevention are not effective. Research questions for this have not been clearly stated by the investigators. Research question is important since it outlines what the researcher wants to find answers to. The investigators have merely stated the purpose and outlined the problem but have not clearly stated research question. However, the researchers have listed a number of variables but have failed to relate the variables to research question. Nevertheless, the study in this article is very important since it provides a turning point nursing practice especially in caring for the elderly adults. This is because the findings in this study are important in improving evidence

About culture(anthropology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About culture(anthropology) - Essay Example Pranzo was the mid- day meal was the most important meal of the day which consisted of grain products. Some of their specialties consisted of anchovies or tuna on bread, pickled vegetables (sott’acetti) and well preserved meats such as salami or prosciutto which was served along with fresh sliced cantaloupe or fresh figs. Most Florentines love the primo course the best which consists of a filling minestra – pasta or bread in soup. In the 1980’s, Polenta which is another well loved soup made of cornmeal mush which could be eaten either fried, or cooked with tomato sauce or even just plain. Traditionally meat played a minor role where Florentine cuisine was concerned because most people did not find it very tasty and used it mostly as toppings or flavorings. Now –a – days most of them eat vegetables cooked in either sauce or fried with eggs. Dinner was called cena and was eaten between 7.30 0r 8.00 pm. It was much lighter than pranzo and consisted of bread with butter, wine, sugar or olive oil. But in the 1980’s the merenda (snack) was made up of sweet cookies, bread and Nutella (processed chocolate hazelnut) By the fag end of the 20th century, the variety of snacks outside meals increased considerably. (Vercelloni 1998, 985) There was a strict separation between sweet and salt that the Florentines adhered to. Now – a – days I feel don’t have such a distinction and eat whatever they feel like eating. Sweets were rarely eaten and deserts were prepared only on special occasions. Every meal of pranzo or cena concluded with a fresh seasonal fruit. Sundays were special and special meals were cooked which usually included chicken. Christmas and Easter were special occasions where meals were elaborate- but not any more because people’s attitudes have changed and they feel – everyday is a holiday! The most important item in Florentine cuisine is

Gonorrhea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gonorrhea - Essay Example Neisseria gonorrheae can not survive for more than few seconds if taken outside the body. It does not live upon exposed skin. This bacterium requires moist conditions and temperature of the internal body in order to survive, grow and reproduce. The most suitable place for this bacterium to live in is vagina and cervix which is essentially the terminal point of uterus protruding into vagina. Neisseria gonorrheae also survives in urethra and rectum. Apart from these areas, neisseria gonorrheae can also be found at the back of throat which is the point of contact in oral sex. Symptoms: The disease shows no symptoms in the early stages in 50 per cent of the cases. With the passage of time, the patient experiences frequent urination, swelling, burning and redness of the genitals, discharge of a yellowish mucus from the vagina, and a lot of itching on and around the genitals. If adequate treatment is not taken in time, the swelling can aggravate to dangerous extent and lead to severe and e xtremely painful pelvic infection. The infection cases the ovaries and Fallopian tubes to swell up. As a result of the inflammation of Fallopian tubes, the patient acquires pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which is essentially a very painful pelvis infection. PID is not very unusual to occur.

Personal statement for master in business administration

For master in business administration - Personal Statement Example For me giving back to the community is very important, thus I was highly involved in volunteer work. Some of the places in which I volunteered include the House of Care of the Elderly, Handicapped and Orphans, Al hajj services, Al-Mataf company, and KAU Research Endowment Fund. I learned from my volunteering experiences the value of collaboration and teamwork. During my college years I also dedicated a portion of my time towards working. I worked as a summer trainee in Saudi Aramco for two months in the supplier performance unit. Another work experience that I had the opportunity to complete was working as a call center reservation agent in Makkah Clock Royal Tower. These two work experiences taught me the importance of being disciplined. They also help me improve my written and verbal communication skills. As a student I also knew that it was important to learn English. I completed level 112 in the intensive English program from ELS. All these experiences have prepared me to become a graduate student in business. I want to pursue an MBA because I realized that in todays competitive job marketplace a bachelors degree is not sufficient move up the corporate ladder. One of my long term goals is to reach the managerial level. To be a good manager a person needs to have a solid educational background. Enrolling in a business graduate program will open the doors of opportunity for

Treasury Yield Curve Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Treasury Yield Curve - Research Paper Example The trailing 12-month U.S. speculative-grade corporate default rate tumbled to 1.7 percent a month ago, the most minimal smallest since March 2008, as per Standard & Poors. The rate, which declined from 2.1 percent in December, will most likely build through the following few months, said Diane Vazza, the leader of S&P's worldwide altered wage research, in an announcement from the credit rating agency why. There were no appraised what does this mean corporate U.S. high-yield defaults in January, making it the sixth month in 14 years without a default. There were 43 U.S. speculative evaluation defaults in the majority of we have full year data 2013 and 47 in 2012, New York-based S&P said.(Summers)you need footnotesThe U.S. default ratio what is the default ratio? declined to 5.2 percent in January from 5.3 percent in the early part of February, over its low since the money related emergency of 5.1 percent in May 2013 what does this mean, S&P said. Distressed bonds are those with yield s no less than 10 rate focuses more than comparable development Treasuries.High-yield, high-risk securities are appraised less than BBB-at S&P and beneath Baa3 by Moody's Investors Service no definitions.Since 2008, the movements of the Federal Reserve have put the U.S. on a way to economic disappointment. To stem the economic slide of the U.S. lodging crumple what is this that initially surfaced in 2005, the Federal Reserve divulged three diverse quantitative maneuvering (QE) exertions.

Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay Example for Free

Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay Samuel Beckett was born in Dublin, Ireland in 1906. Beckett was a playwright, writer and poet. He was considered to be one of the key writers who wrote in the style of the theatre of the absurd. The theatre of the absurd are plays in which the characters are caught up in hopeless situations and in a plot that is very expansive and without meaning. Becketts first play titled Waiting for Godot which was translated into English from French. Waiting for Godot was one of his most famous plays and is renowned throughout the world. Beckett received the Nobel Prize in 1969 for literature and passed way in 1989. Samuel Beckett uses many techniques to emphasize the themes of friendship, dependency, loyalty, uncertainty and ambiguity. Beckett also uses various literature techniques such as puns and mirrors. The use of black humor is used to lighten up the dim, dark vibe given off by the situations and scenarios. The theme of uncertainty can be witnessed throughout the play; we see this from the use of language. We can see from the following quote taken from Act 1 page 16 where Vladimir and Estragon are having a conversation and Estragon says he should be here. He didnt say for sure hed come. And if he doesnt? This quote shows that both Estragon and Vladimir are both confused and uncertain about whether Godot will arrive and if they were even meant to be waiting for him today. This might show the lack of self assurance, because Vladimir and estragon arent self assured and are always uncertain of whether what they are think is right and therefore they depend on each other to help. This also relates to another theme, the theme of friendship and dependency, that both characters rely on each other and that without each other they would be hopeless. Friendship, dependency and loyalty are themes seen in the play. Even from the very beginning of the play the theme of friendship and dependency exists, on the first page Vladimir says to Estragon that he would be nothing more than a little heap of bones without him. This friendship and dependency can be seen again when Estragon cannot take off his boot without Vladimir offering his help. During act one on page 32 Estragon tries to wipe Luckeys tears off his cheek but instead lucky kicks him. When Estragon whelps in pain and says I cant walk, Vladimir offers to carry him. This illustrates the friendship and loyalty that Vladimir and Estragon have towards each other. The theme of Loyalty cannot only be seen through Vladimir and estragon, but can also be seen through the relationship between Lucky and Pozzo. Again on page 32 when Vladimir asks you want to get rid of him? Pozzo replies I do. Despite Pozzo allowing Lucky to depart, Lucky is reluctant to; this shows the loyalty that Lucky had gained throughout the years that he has been with Pozzo. Another theme that appears within the dramatic works of Beckett is the theme of ambiguity. Ambiguity can be seen within the play Waiting for Godot in the way lines are being said. The language that the characters use is very unclear and allows different ways of thinking. An example of this is on page 29 when Pozzo places the pipe in his mouth and says, The second is never as sweetas the first, I mean. But its sweet just the same. This quote struck me as being ambiguous because he first states that the pipe isnt as sweet as the second but then says its sweet just the same. I feel that Beckett might have used ambiguity to give the reader or audience the chance to see two different sides to the scene or dialogue. This is usually done using black humor, which allows the audience to both laugh and be serious at the same time. Both black humor and comedy can be seen within the play. Black humor and comedy is humor generated through topics that are considered to be taboo or laughter that is created from someone elses pain and suffering. On page 12 while Estragon is struggling with his boot Vladimir asks It hurts? and Estragon answers Hurts! He wants to know if it hurts!. This shows the use of black humor because at this point everyone in the audience would be laughing at Estragons hardship but at the same time wondering if it is right to be laughing. I think the Beckett might have used black humor to teach us a lesson. By using black humor Beckett allows the audience to laugh at others pain, but at the same time while laughing the audience is wondering why they are laughing and is it right to be laughing at someone elses suffering. The literature technique of mirrors is used within the play, many critics have wondered if Godot was meant to be God, this is because we never find out who Godot is. A quote that supports this case can be seen on page 19 when Estragon and Vladimir are talking about Godot coming and then they mention that they are waiting for him because its A kind of prayer and a vague supplication. This could be perceived as Estragon and Vladimir asking God for advice or praying for Gods help. From the mirror of Godot we could say that Estragon and Vladimir can be seen as the two thieves that were crucified beside Christ. A quote that supports this can be seen in act 1 on page 14 when Vladimir begins to tell the story Our Savior. Two thieves. One is supposed to have been saved and the other one damned. This quote could be interpreted as Estragon and Vladimir being the two thieves. I suspect that Beckett might have used mirrors to give meaning to the plot and shed some light on what is happening. If you imagine it as the two thieves asking and waiting God to come and forgive them and set them free. Through the use of various literature techniques such as mirrors, black humor and comedy, the reader can successfully reflect back on the issues and themes that are discussed and portrayed in this play. In conclusion, Beckett uses these techniques and themes to create meaning and shed some light on the gloomy and confusing plot. This then entices the reader and audience to continue to watch or read and allows them to think much more about what they have just witnessed.

An Activity For Enjoyment Children And Young People Essay

An Activity For Enjoyment Children And Young People Essay Play defined as an activity for enjoyment. Children and babies develop language and social skills through reading books and play. Through play and reading books, children develop maturity and socialization. These social activities will enhance their physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. I will be going to talk about how Dora the Explorer television program I have chosen helps the children to influence their physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development through play. How to read books to children enhances language development and language skills for children with using different reading strategies. Finally, I will be explaining the knowledge of play and language development for babies and children that may influence my future practice as a health professional. Child supporters must consider all factors that interfere with optimal development and provide circumstances that allow each child to obtain fully the advantages associated with play and r eading. Play is the most important part of the childs development. Play allows the children to enhance their physical development, psychosocial development and cognitive development. Most parents see cartoons with their children as a way to help their child learn. I have watched many children television program like blues clues, the go show, and Dora the explorer, to understand how these television programs get children to contact with aspects of life. Dora the explorer is an animated childrens television show. Dora the explorer show programmed to engage preschooler activities in a play-along, computer-style adventure. Dora the explorer is an example of physical development. Physical development focuses on the physical growth and the development of both gross motor skills (e.g. walking, jumping) and fine motor skills (e.g. Finger movements, eye coordination) control of the body. Dora the explorer on-screen character talking to the child encourage the child to take part, label objects, songs and dance actions allows for movements with control and coordination. Dora the explorer animated also influences the cognitive development theory, cognitive theory is a change and stability in mental ability such as learning, thinking, and memory. The Dora the explorer allows the children to think of a way to get to their destination so this helps children gaining knowledge and solving problem in daily life, which enhances their memory capability. Television provides the children with a valuable tool at home for great learning. Another theory is influences psychosocial development by Erik Erikson to get through the idea of personality. Watching and learning from on screen shows allow children to gain knowledge of social learning theory; this enhances their self-esteem, learning about the culture and society and teaches them how to interact with people. Children learn from TV shows how and when to show the emotions. These allow the children to encourage self-awareness about the world around them. Reading books to young children is the best way to promote language development and language skills like speaking, reading, and listening. Reading books to children at home can encourage their reading skills. Books should have something like shapes, short stories, pictures that children will find interesting, enjoyable, and fun. This will help develop a sense of reader appreciation. When children have books in their home, they are more likely to sit down and read them. Parents can and should encourage an appreciation for reading. When reading a book to child the reader needs to keep few things in mind for better result. The books you choose for the children need to be short and simple, attractive, use appropriate language, speak clearly, slowly, and use expression. Reading books to children that influence the social learning theory by Albert bandura. In social learning theory Albert Bandura (1977) states behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational le arning. Children observe the people around them behaving in various ways (McLeod, 2011). Children learn many different ways, some learn quickly by visibly for example books that got colors, picture, and shapes with it and some learn verbally for example- imitating the expression and words. Using various techniques to enhance language development, tunes of the voice and getting them to turn the page that influences the theory of positive reinforcement. If imitated behaviors and consequence are satisfying so the child is likely to perform behaviors. If parents are encouraging and giving them positive feedback then the behavior is likely to repeat as it provides the child with strengths. Simply using booking reading tool at home helps them learn. Book reading is good for a childs development to gain imagination. Children are very sensitive. We need to handle them with care. So far, the information I have gained through the education of play and language development of babies and children provided me with a greater understanding that could influence my future practice as a health professional. Skills that I have gained from the knowledge of reading books to children are to create an environment that allows children to understand their personality, which will help children to be more interactive. As a health professional, I build a warm and open environment for children to bring out their ideas. In order to achieve my nursing practice do this use the techniques like distractions, communication, and education. Conversation with children, asking questions with slow pace and allowing them to answer. This will enhance their understanding while mine. The skills I learned from the play are that children are very attractive colors, toys etc. by using play to help nursing practice can enable you me to complete difficult tasks with children like taking medicine, I can get the child to cat like a super hero and be strong and asking them to stand straight like a strong soldier. These skills can help me to build a relationship when I am working or handling kids. Building a relationship creates an environment where children feel secure take risks. In my conclusion, play is a cherished part of childhood that offers children important developmental benefits and parents the opportunity to engage fully with their children. Influence their physical development, Cognitive development and psychosocial development. Play allows children to learn new things and to understand the world around them. Reading Books is another important aspect to enhance their development. Reading books to children will help children gain language skills. I have gained many skills that can be relevant or may influence my nursing practice as a health professional .The knowledge of children and babies and about their play and book reading. I learned many techniques that will make my nursing practice easier when I have to assess children and babies. Techniques like distracting children into something, communicating. Communicating likes having a conversation about their favorite shows and asking them questions.

Essay on Attempts to Communicate in The Yellow Wallpaper

Attempts to Communicate in The Yellow Wallpaper Human nature is complex. Its requirements to remain healthy supersede those basic needs of food, shelter, and clothing. It is human to desire attention, companionship, to communicate heart-felt sentiments, and to be understood. In order to acquire self-esteem and to battle loneliness, one naturally searches to have these desires satisfied. Charlotte Perkins Gilman vividly illustrates these human aspirations in The Yellow Wallpaper. Subsequently she paints a horrific picture of someone who fails in her quest. These elements of this short story render it to be, for any reader who has experienced these hungers, an intensely personal experience. The heroine of this tale knows that she is not well, and the fact that medical authorities contradict her self-diagnosis frustrates her. She concedes that her husband should be more knowledgeable than her about her condition. This undermines her self-confidence in being able to evaluate herself. "If a physician of high standing, and one's own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporarily nervous depression - a slight hysterical tendency - what is one to do?" Another acceptable title for this short story could be "John says". Many of her feelings and much of her behavior are reactions to what John says. Her attempts to assuage her anxiety generally meet opposition by her husband. She offers suggestions to remedy her condition: "- But John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad." She expresses her uneasiness about the house: "...but he said... ... more careful! Did not that sound innocent? But I know she was studying that pattern, and I am determined that nobody shall find it out but myself!" And she is prepared to protect her world even if it requires resorting to violence: "But I am here, and no person touches this paper but me, - not alive!" The Yellow Wallpaper is poignant. The heroine is in desperate need of attention, a need that is never adequately met. Although the dramatization of her development may appear extreme, considering the fact that she probably had a preexisting condition of mental instability permits the outcome to be acceptable. Although the average reader may not be able to relate to the demise of the heroine, most can understand the frustration and anxiety which accompany restrictions, the feeling of not being understood, insecurities and loneliness.

Disc Golf :: Ultimate Frisbee Golf

Water and Salt water sound similar, at first you would think that but as soon as you research either of them you’ll find that the only thing they have one thing in common water. This pair brings to mind somewhat of a similar situation in golf and frisbee golf. One would think that you frisbee golf is just golf with a frisbee but this is not so it s deeper than that. When you experience both of these it come to you, although they share similar names golf and frisbee golf have many differences between them. It is easy to conclude that the equipment differs in golf and frisbee golf. When golfing you use fifteen clubs and a ball, the clubs allow you to hit shots at different lengths. The ball you use consists of hard plastic that varies in the way they grip the green and the way they fly through the air. You hit the ball at a hole with a three-inch diameter by hitting the ball with the club. When playing frisbee golf you use frisbees made from a hard plastic for durability. When picking out your frisbee you must take a lot of other things into consideration such as: color, weight, design and flight pattern. You also may find it necessary to obtain two frisbees one being a driver and the other being a putter. The driver is for maximum distance but not accuracy and the putter is for the opposite. You throw these frisbees at hanging chains with a cup underneath. I think beginners should play where they get the frisbee to hit any part of the chains or the pole in the air. So if you throw it a nd nick the chains its as good as putting it in the cup, making it easier so you don’t get so discouraged. This also helps them experiment with how the frisbee flies and how to get it to fly other ways. To recap golf uses two types of equipment and frisbee golf uses just one, also in golf the club propels the ball as opposed to frisbee golf where your arm throws the frisbee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is really only one traditional swing in golf. This is a fluid take back followed by a controlled rip at the ball. In frisbee golf you have many choices of how you want to throw the frisbee, it comes down to a matter of how it needs to fly and what you feel most comfortable with.

Hamlet †What Makes Polonius Indispensable? :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet – What Makes Polonius Indispensable?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Polonius, father to Laertes and Ophelia in the Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet, is vitally important to this play. Without his involvement there would be something seriously lacking. Let us dwell on the lord chamberlain in this essay.    In â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† Lawrence Danson explains Polonius’ use of â€Å"lie-detector† acting:    For the lie-detector use of acting is one we see much of in Hamlet, and though it shares certain characteristics with Hamlet’s use of acting, it is decisively not the same. Polonius is the great master of it – of using, that is, the indirection or downright falseness of acting to discover a truth. Polonius was in his time an amateur actor himself; appropriately, he played Caesar and was killed in the capitol. But we now see Polonius either as a theater critic (and it is a flat sort of criticism he practices, multiplying rigid categories while demanding that he be kept entertained), or as a director – of Laertes, Reynaldo, Ophelia, Gertrude. To each he recommends the use of seeming: in the case of Laertes it is to be nothing short of a life-style, but with the others it is specifically a means for getting at a hidden truth. (83)    In the Introduction to Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet, David Bevington presents Polonius as similar to Hamlet in various ways:    Polonius, his [Hamlet’s] seeming opposite in so many ways, is, like Hamlet, an inveterate punster. To whom else but Polonius should Hamlet direct the taunt of â€Å"Words, words, words†? The aged counselor recalls that in his youth he â€Å"suffered much extremity for love, very near this,† and he has been an actor at the university. Polonius too has advice for the players: â€Å"Seneca cannot be too heavy, nor Plautus too light.† When Hamlet jibes at â€Å"so capital a calf† enacting Julius Caesar, killed in the Capitol, he reinforces the parallel to his own playacting and anticipates the slaying of Polonius behind the arras. (4)    Polonius’ entry into the play occurs at the social get-together of the royal court. Claudius has already been crowned; Queen Gertrude is there; Hamlet is present in the black clothes of mourning. When Laertes approaches Claudius to give his farewell before returning to school, the king asks Polonius: â€Å"Have you your father's leave? What says Polonius?† And the father dutifully answers:   

Voting System

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. 1 B ACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Students’ Union is asked to work beyond its capacity. It would be useful to have a voting (democratic) system to ensure that the Student Council’s rulings are not lost in an overload of demands and those students ’ union workload priorities match student priorities. One of the most crucial factors for a voting system to be successful is to exhibit a Voting Protocol that can prevent opportunities for fraud or for sacrificing the voter's privacy.The Voting Protocol that will be designed and implemented for this voting system will combine the advantages of existing protocols and techniques, while at the same time it will aim at eliminating most of the identified deficiencies and problems. The voting system includes three actors: Voter, the voting system’s operator, and the administrator. Eligible voters have to register themselves, assisted by the Administrator, before the â€Å"election day†.The sys tem ensures that only registered voters can vote and vote only once on the election’s day, and collects the cast votes and tally the results of the election. Voter privacy is somehow maintained and vote tampering is prevented in this system. 1. 1. Historical background Since the San Miguel National High School started to elect their SSG officers, they have been using manual voting system, where they have to use more time just to prepare the materials for the election.The election will start by posting the list of name of the candidates, giving the exact number of sample ballots in every class rooms, and disposing one ballot box in each class rooms. The San Miguel National High School always elect officers every 3rd week of February for every year just to ensure that there will be someone to watch the students during the vacation. 1. 1. 1 Organizational Chart See Appendix A 1. 1. 3 Organizational Function President-the highest-ranking member of an organizationVice President-an official rank below a president, who can take the president’s place if necessary. Secretary-somebody elected or appointed to keep records of the meetings of an organization such as a club, society, or committee, and to write or answer letters on its behalf. Treasurer-somebody who manages the finances of an organization, usually the chief financial officers. Auditor-somebody who checks accounts or conducts an audit of an organization.PIO -somebody who make sure that the public, the media and every organization involved in the crisis are constantly informed on the progress being made to resolve the emergency at hand. Project Manager-somebody who matches available resources (time, money and people) against business project aims Sergeant at Arms-somebody appointed to keep order within an organization such as a legislative body or court of law, and to perform various other duties such as making arrest. Representatives-somebody who speaks, acts, or votes on behalf of others. 1. 2 Objectives of the study 1. 2. 1 General objective of the study To create an automated voting system for San Miguel National High School, to promote student use of technology in the election process for the school’s Student Council, thus making their digital inclusion possible and viable, and to show that technology can facilitate the student participation in school life and prepare them to become conscious and responsible citizens of the greater society. 1. 2. 2 Specific objective of the study * To lessen the time consume during the student council system. * To permit only eligible voters to vote and ensure that each eligible voter can vote only once. To reduce the manual procedure of task and to prevent human error for someone to prepare the election each year. * The system should allow and assist voters to cast their votes quickly, in one session, and with minimal equipment or special skills. 1. 3 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION This proposed system is designed to provide fast and a ccurate student’s council election of San Miguel National High School. This voting system is capable in storing voter’s registration as well as calculates their votes for finalizing the winners of the election. All computations during the election are done in a reasonable amount of time.It will also provide a printed result of the election. 1. 4 Significance of the study` An election is a decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office. Elections rely heavily on manual tallying and canvassing of votes thus making them vulnerable to control and manipulation. To ensure a credible and transparent electoral process, the modernization of the electoral system through computerization shall be supported to ensure the credibility of polls and correct the deficiencies in the electoral system.It is extremely fast, allowing obtaining final results in a matter of minutes. It has a very complete and user-friendly interface for system operato rs and as well as the voters. Furthermore, the challenge is to develop the student’s appreciation of their vote as a means to reform the administration and receive better services from it. This type of voting system encourages the student’s to promote suffrage. 1. 5 Summary of the study `The proposed system will lessen their effort and time in reading, storing, and calculating of the students’ votes.It will be easier for COMELEC officer to conduct election in their school. It will provide accurate result of voting and fast type of automated election for the student council in San Miguel National High School. CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 2. 1 Theories used in analyzing the system The current voting management in student’s council election is manual, thus resulting in time consuming on part of the electoral officer. Everything need to be done on paper. All files are on the envelope and transferring of files needs an effort of the electoral officers. We a re now in age of the echnology. We should be able to use technology to a much greater extent it is in the current manual system. This encourage the proponents to conduct an interview, research and study to have an idea in making a system that can be used to easily store, calculate and finalized the result of automated election without the effort of election officer and the voters. The researchers finally come up with the Student Council Voting System which provides the LAN links to transfer and transmit the data of votes with high security and accuracy. 2. 2 Review of related studies Based on what Alecks P.Pabico said, â€Å"Six years ago, the idea of automated elections for student council posts in the University of the Philippines in Diliman was unimaginable, at least for me. It wasn’t necessarily because we couldn’t muster the technology and logistics, but there was simply neither a need nor a clamor for paperless voting. A lot of things have changed since then, an d automated elections are no longer a thing of the past in UP Diliman. Now on its second year, and notwithstanding minor glitches in the system, electronic voting has proven to be a worthy improvement in one of the basic democratic processes in modern society.Alecks got to UP a little past 2 p. m. last February 24, the day of the student council election this year. As a registered graduate student, he had made sure to drop by the campus to cast votes, first time to participate in the automated system on a university-wide scale. There was already a long queue outside the designated voting center at the College of Arts and Letters. Some students were waiting for their names to be located on the list, while others were waiting for their turn at the computer terminals. There were no paper ballots or ballot boxes in sight. † 2. 3 Findings on related studies and theories According to Alecks P.Pabico (a writer of the investigate Reporting Magazine), for the more important aspects of the electoral process from voter registration, voting, vote counting to canvassing – touches of modernity have been an elusive as replies with substance from candidates. Yet for the most part the problem stems not from a lack of available technological solutions. A comprehensive computerized voting system encompassed the three major phases of the elections; registration, voting and tabulation. Pilot tested in council elections in universities, it has proven to be an effective safe-guard against fraud and manipulation like dag-dag –bawas. . 4 Terms Adopted in the Study 2. 4. 1Technical terms Automated election system – a system using appropriate technology for voting and electronic devices to count votes and canvass/consolidate results. Computer literacy-defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and technology efficiently. Data – a collection of facts, figures, and statistics related to an object. Database – a collection of related or si milar records that are mostly used together. Data security – the means of ensuring that data is kept safe fromcorruption and that access to it is suitably controlled.Existing system- a system that is currently being used by the institution. Networking- the act of working using computer network or the act of connecting computers into network. System design- the process or art of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. User friendly-a system that is easy to learn and to use. 2. 4. 2 Operational terms Automation- the automatic operation or control of equipment, a process, or a system. Election – is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.Input – the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. Output – the term denoting either an exit or changes which exit a system and which activate/modify a process. Registration- the act of registering or being registered. CHAPTER III ARCHITECTURIAL DESIGN 3. 1 The Existing System The existing system of San Miguel National High School when having a Student Supreme Government (SSG) election, all transactions like voters’ registration and voting, is done manually. The election is held during the 3rd week of February for every year.To be one of the candidates for the election the student must have a grade of at least 85% and above. The student who is running for president must be a 3rd year student. During the election, the SMNHS’ COMELEC will prepare a sample ballots and a ballot box for each class room. To vote, the students have to write the names of the candidates for every position that they want to elect. For the validation of votes, every student will have to put thumb marks on the sample ballots. After the election, the COMELEC, along with the SSG adviser, will count the votes one by one in front of the entire student. . 1. 1 Data Flow Diagram See appendix B 3. 2 Problem Identifications of the Existing System This section presents all the problems identified by the researchers after gathering all data by means of interviewing the SSG Adviser of San Miguel National High School. 3. 2. 1 Presentation of the Problems The following are the problems identified by the researcher based on the gathered data. 3. 2. 1 . 1The process of counting the votes one by one is kind of time consuming process. 3. 2. 1 . 2The votes cannot be secured or can be falsifies. 3. 2. 1. The writing of the student may not be clear. 3. 2. 1. 4The COMELEC officers disregard the student that did not vote. 3. 3 The Proposed System 3. 3. 1 Needs for the System The system needs maintenance to maintain the security, accuracy and the capacity of the system. 3. 3. 2 Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System See Appendix C 3. 4 Objectives of the Proposed System To help the School especially the San Miguel National High School to their manually voting of their organization (SSG). 3. 4. 1 General Objective of the proposed System To create an automated voting system for the San Miguel National High School. 3. 4. 2 Specific Objective of the proposed System 3. 4. 3. 1 The system functionality should ensure that no one can falsify or modify the result of the voting by eliminating a valid vote or counting an invalid vote in the final tally. 3. 4. 3. 2 A system that provides a log-on security to secure the votes and to ensure that only authorized person can access the system. 3. 4. 3. 3 The system that permits only eligible voters to vote and ensure that each eligible voter can vote only once. 3. 4. 3. To ensure that no one can duplicate his or someone else's vote and no one can change someone else's vote. 3. 4 Users of the System The SMNHS Student Council Voting System is intended for the use of San Miguel National High School’s student, SSG president and COMELEC officers. It will help the COMELEC Officers to register students, prepare the election, and calculating the votes. It will lessen the time they consumed conducting a student council election. It will lessen the effort of the SSG president and COMELEC officers preparing and distributing the sample ballots and ballot boxes to each room. 3. Environment of the Usage System The following are activities that can be done by the use of the new system: 3. 6. 1 The system accept data inputs to create student records such as their student number, name, address, age, gender, year and section. 3. 6. 2Lessen the time consumed during the counting of votes. 3. 6. 3 Student who has already voted cannot vote again. 3. 6. 4Automatically prints the result of election. 3. 6. 5 Administrator is the only person to access the system. 3. 7 Components of the Proposed System 3. 7. 1 General features of the Proposed System The general features of the proposed system are the following: 3. . 1. 1 Menu Driven –pertaini ng to software that makes extensive use of menus to enable users to choose alternatives and guide program operations. 3. 7. 1. 2Help Facilities–in which offer the users to support in the learningprocess. 3. 7. 1. 3 User Friendly-it provides user friendly features that will help the user to interact easily in manipulating the system. 3. 7. 1. 4 Reliability –the system performs specific task correctly to support the transaction entered. 3. 7. 1. 5 Security –it will include password to ensure that unauthorized user cannot read or use the data to make sure that the ystem files are safe in unnecessary information and for the privacy of counting of voting. 3. 5. 3 Functions of the System 3. 5. 4. 5 Visual Table of Content – Program Level See Appendix D 3. 5. 4. 6 Visual Table of Content – Module Level See Appendix E 3. 5. 4. 7 Visual Table of Content – System Level System Level PASSWORD 0 Main Module Menu 1. 0 Voting Menu 2. 1 Select 2. 2 Submit 2 . 3 Exit 2. 0 Official Ballot 3. 4 Submit 3. 5 Back PASSWORD 0 Main Module Menu 1. 0 Admin Menu 2. 1 Add Voter 2. 2. 1 Generate Student’s ID 2. 2. 2 Generate Password 2. 2. 3 Add Voter 2. 2. 4 View 2. . 5 Save 2. 2 Voters’ list 2. 3. 6 Select 2. 3 Candidate list 2. 4. 7 Delete 2. 4 Search 2. 5. 8 Search by ID 2. 5. 9 Search by Name 2. 5 About 2. 6 View 2. 7. 10 Candidate list 2. 7 Application Form 1. 7. 1 Candidate Registration 2. 8 Report 2. 9. 11 Canvassing Report 2. 9. 12 Voters’ Report 2. 9. 13 Section/Year Report 2. 9 Tool 2. 10. 14 Password 1. 10 Exit 3. 7. 3 Systems Inputs The following are the input of the system: 3. 7. 3. 1Password that contains a set of characters uses to log-in the Administrator for the system to operate (to register students and begin the voting). . 7. 3. 2 The students’ number, name, address, age, year, and section. 3. 7. 3. 3The students’ vote for every position. 3. 7. 4 System Outputs The following will be the output of the system: 3. 7. 4. 1 The system will produce the printed result of the election. 3. 7. 4. 2The list of the registered student who did not vote. 3. 7. 4. 3 The list of candidates in their selected position. 3. 7. 4. 4 The current status of the election 3. 7. 5 Input – Process – Output – Charts 3. 7. 5. 1 System IPO See Appendix F 3. 7. 6 Data DictionaryA Data Dictionary of San Miguel National High School (SMNHS) Student Council Voting System Table Name| Attribute Name| Contents| Type| Format| Range| PK| Users| UserID| UserID| Autonumber| xxxxxx| N/A| PK| | Username| Username| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Password| Password| Text| xxxxxx| | | Table Name| Attribute Name| Contents| Type| Format| Range| PK| Position| PositionID| PositionID| Autonumber| xxxxxx| N/A| PK| | Position| Position| Text| xxxxxx| | | Table Name| Attribute Name| Contents| Type| Format| Range| PK| Voters| VoterID| VoterID| Autonumber| xxxxxx| N/A| PK| | Username| Username| Text| xxxxxx| | | Passwo rd| Password| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Name| Name| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Year| Year| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Section| Section| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Voted| Voted| Text| xxxxxx| | | Table Name| Attribute Name| Contents| Type| Format| Range| PK| Candidates| CandidateID| CandidateID| Number| xxxxxx| N/A| K| | PositionID| PositionID| Number| xxxxxx| | | | Name| Last;First Name| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Year| Year| Number| xxxxxx| | | | Section| Section| Text| xxxxxx| | | | Photo| Photo/Image| OLE Object| . jpg/. png| | | | Votes| Votes| Number| xxxxxx| | | A Data Dictionary of San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Entity ___________________________________________________________________ Label:Voters Entry Type: Description: Alias: Values and Meanings: Input Data flow: Vote Output Data flow: Notes: Long Name: Registered Student ____________________________________________________________________ Label:User Entry Type: Description: Alias: Values and Meanings: Input Data flow: Outpu t Data flow: Notes: Long Name: Admin ____________________________________________________________________ A Data Dictionary of San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Elements ___________________________________________________________________ Default System:San Miguel National High SchoolStudent Council Voting System Label: Student’s ID Type and Length: Source: Voter Registration Form/Candidate Registration Form Security:Admin Description and Comment: Date: Alias: Default Value: Acceptable Value: User Responsibility: Admin ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Default System:San Miguel National High SchoolStudent Council Voting System Label: Student’s Password Type and Length:Source: Voter Registration Form/Candidate Registration Form Security:Admin Description and Comment: Date: Alias: Default Value: Acceptable Value: User Responsibility: Admin __ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Default System:San Miguel National High SchoolStudent Council Voting System Label: First Name Type and Length: Source: Voter Registration Form/Candidate Registration Form Security:Admin Description and Comment: Date: Alias: Default Value: Acceptable Value: User Responsibility: Admin __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Default System:San Miguel National High SchoolStudent Council Voting System Label: Last Name Type and Length: Source: Voter Registration Form/Candidate Registration Form Security:Admin Description and Comment: Date: Alias: Default Value: Acceptable Value: ————————————————- User Responsibility: Admin _____________________________ ___________________________________________ Default System: San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Label: Year levelType and Length: Source: Voter Registration Form/Candidate Registration Form Security: Admin Date: Alias: Default Value: Acceptable Value: User Responsibility: Admin ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Default System:San Miguel National High SchoolStudent Council Voting System Label: Section Type and Length: Source: Voter Registration Form/Candidate Registration Form Security:Admin Description and Comment: Date: Alias: Default Value: Acceptable Value: ————————————————-User Responsibility: Admin 3. 5 Development Flowchart and Schedule 3. 8. 1 Gantt chart See Appendix G 3. 6. 4 System Flowchart See Appendix H 3. 6. 5 Program Flowc hart See Appendix I CHAPTER IV DETAILED DESIGN 4. 1Standards and Conventions This chapter will explain the standard and convention used in design of the proposed system to ensure the uniformity throughout the system and to emphasize the system very well. 4. 1. 1 Design Methodology The proposal used the top-down programming approach as the design technique in the process of developing the simulation of the system.This approach refers to a problem solving technique which involves in voting, analysis to the total of vote, design of the program or solution in terms of large objectives, designing the modules and subroutines needed in the program and finally writing the detailed code. 4. 1. 2 Program Naming and Convention A special name was given to all programs of every module in a way that it describes each subprogram in order to represent the function to be performed. Names are related to each subprogram giving emphases on what each module is performing. This can be seen in the module specification section on this chapter. 4. 1. File Naming and Convention Each record of the student used in the program was classified with their student number so that the user can easily understand and can vote wisely for the running candidates. Each student who already voted is automatically save in the database of the system for validation of the processes performed by each subprogram. 4. 2 Module Specification This section discusses all information about modules of the proposed system. Name:System Password Purpose:To protect and secure the election to illegible voters Entry:Password Exit: Inputs:Valid Password Outputs:Main Menu Errors: Calls:Voting MenuCalled by: Remarks: Name:Voting Menu Purpose:To provide ballot form for the students Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Official Ballot Errors: Calls:1. 1 Select, 1. 2 Submit, 1. 3 Exit Called by: 0 MAIN Menu Remarks: Name:Official Ballot Purpose:To show the list of elected candidates Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Your Choice Errors: Calls:2. 1 Submit, 2. 2 Back Called by: Voting Menu Remarks: Name:System Password Purpose:To provide and secure votes to unauthorized person Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Admin Menu Errors: Calls:2. 1 Submit, 2. 2 BackCalled by: 0 MAIN Menu Remarks: Name:Admin Menu Purpose:To display Admin Menu Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Your Choice Errors: Calls:1. 1 Add Voter, 1. 2 Voters’ List, 1. 3 Candidate List, 1. 4 Search, 1. 5 About, 1. 6 View, 1. 7 Application form, 1. 8 Report, 1. 9 Tool,1. 10 Exit Called by: Voting Menu Remarks: Name:Add Voter Purpose:To Register new voter Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Your Choice Errors: Calls:1. 1. 1Generate Student id, 1. 1. 2 Generate Student Password, 1. 1. 3 Add voter, 1. 1. 4 View, 1. 1. 5 Save Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Voters’ ListPurpose:To View the list of voters and update voters’ status Entry:Choice Ex it:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Voter’s Registration Form Errors: Calls:2. 1 Select Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Candidate List Purpose:To View the list of candidates and delete former candidates Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Your Choice Errors: Calls:1. 3. 1 Delete Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Search Purpose:Search the voters record Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Your Choice Errors: Calls:1. 4. 1Search by ID, 1. 4. 2Search by Name Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:AboutPurpose:About the system and the Developers Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs: Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls: Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:View Purpose:You can view the candidates list and voters list Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 6. 1 Candidate list Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Candidate list Purpose:You can view the candidates list Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Ex it Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 6. 1. 1 President List, 1. 6. 1. 2 V-President List, 1. 6. 1. 3 Secretary List, 1. 6. 1. 4 Treasurer List1. . 1. 5 Auditor List, 1. 6. 1. 6 PIO List1. 6. 1. 7 Project Manager List, 1. 6. 1. 8 Sergeant at Arms List1. 6. 1. 9 4th Yr. Representative List,1. 6. 1. 10 3rd Yr. Representative 1. 6. 1. 11 2nd Yr. Representative List, 1. 6. 1. 12 Gr. 7 Representative List Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Application Form Purpose:The Application Form of the candidates and voters Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls: Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Candidate Registration Purpose:Display the registration form of the said position Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:ChoiceOutputs:Display information Errors: Calls: Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Report Purpose:The canvassing report and the candidate displayed Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display inform ation Errors: Calls:1. 8. 1 Canvassing Report, 1. 8. 2 Voters’ Report 1. 8. 3 Section/Year Report 1. 8. 4 Result Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Canvassing Report Purpose:To know the outstanding report of the candidates Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 8. 1. 1President Candidates,1. 8. 1. 2 V-President Candidates,1. 8. 1. 3 Secretary Candidates,1. 8. 1. Treasurer Candidates 1. 8. 1. 5 Auditor Candidates, 1. 8. 1. 6 PIO Candidates 1. 8. 1. 7 Project Manager Candidates, 1. 8. 1. 7 Sergeant at Arms Candidates, 1. 8. 1. 8 4th Yr. Representative Candidates 1. 8. 1. 9 3rd Yr. Representative Candidates, 1. 8. 1. 10 2ndYr. Representative Candidate, 1. 8. 1. 11 Gr. 7 Representative Candidates Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Voters’ Report Purpose:The numbers of voters who vote and who did not, and the total of votes Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 8. 2. 1Sear ch, 1. 8. 2. 2 Refresh, 1. 8. 2. 3 Print Called by: Admin MenuRemarks: Name:Section/Year Report Purpose:The numbers of registered voters Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 8. 3. 1Search, 1. 8. 3. 2 Refresh, 1. 8. 3. 3 Print Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Result Purpose:To display the result of the election Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 8. 4. 1 Refresh, 1. 8. 4. 2 Print Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: Name:Tool Purpose:Display the student password Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls:1. 1. 9. 1 Password Called by: Admin MenuRemarks Name:Exit Purpose:Close the system if you want Entry:Choice Exit:Choice Exit Inputs:Choice Outputs:Display information Errors: Calls: Called by: Admin Menu Remarks: 4. 2 Module Specification MODULE: MAIN Menu This section calls the other modules or program. Mouse and menu driven may used to ac cess each subprogram. MODULE: PASSWORD The module requires users’ ID and a correct password. If the password is correct, the Voting Menu and Admin Menu that we used by only one module at a time will be automatically display. MODULE: VOTING MENU The module provides ballot form for the registered student to vote. MODULE: ADMIN MENUThe module provides menu for the admin to access, manage, maintain and secure files. DATA ENTRY For the Voting Menu the different option includes Select, Submit, and Exit. For the Admin Menu includes Generate, Add Voter, Save, View, Select, Delete, Find, and Print. OFFICIAL BALLOTS Show the candidates to be elected. APPLICATION FORM The module provides registration form for Voters and candidates. ABOUT Show information about the system. EXIT Close the Menus 4. 4 File Specification System: San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Record Size: File Name: Student Council Voting System Storage Media: DiskTable name: Candidate Organiza tion: Index Field Name| Data Type| External Length| Candidate ID| AutoNumber| | PositionID| Text| | Name| Text| | Year| Number| | Section| Text| | Photo| OLE Object| | Votes| Number| | System: San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Record Size: File Name: Student Council Voting System Storage Media: Disk Table name: Position Organization: Index Field Name| Data Type| External Length| PositionID| Text| | Position| Text| | System: San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Record Size: File Name: Student Council Voting System Storage Media: DiskTable name: Users Organization: Index Field Name| Data Type| External Length| UserID| AutoNumber| | Username| Text| | Password| Text| | System: San Miguel National High School Student Council Voting System Record Size: File Name: Student Council Voting System Storage Media: Disk Table name: Voters Organization: Index Field Name| Data Type| External Length| VoterID| AutoNumber| | Username| Text| | Passwo rd| Text| | Name| Text| | Year| Text| | Section| Text| | Voted| Text| | 4. 5 Screen Format See Appendix J. 4. 6 Report Format See Appendix K. 4. 7 Hardware Specification ITEMS| SPECIFICATIONS/BRAND| PRICE|Computer Terminal| Compaq(Compaq435)- AMD-Windows 8 Pro-2 GB DDR Memory-500GB Hard Disk Drives-Less than 25 mm thin and 2. 5 kg light-ODD/HDD-A large volume hard disk and 8X DVD-Super Multi drive in a small form factor for massive storage and media usage-LAN/VGA Port-Multimedia Card- Optical disk access indicator-Kensington lock slot-802. 11 b/g/n Wi-Fi| P 20,000. 00| Power Supply| | 29. 00| | | Total P20,029. 00| 4. 8 Cost Benefit Analysis 4. 8. 1 Presentation of Cost 4. 8. 1. 1 Existing System Expense A. Supplies Expense Description| Unit Cost| Qty/Day| Qty/Year| Cost/Year| Ball pen| 10/pc| 50pcs. | 50pcs| 500. 00|Bond Paper| 170/rim| 4 rim| 4 rim| 680. 00| Pentel Pen| 48/pc| 40pcs. | 40pcs| 1,920. 00| Manila Paper| 5/pc| 15pcs. | 15pcs| 75. 00| Staple Wire| 10/box| 10box| 10pcs| 100. 00| Stapler| 150/pc| 10pcs| 10pcs| 1,500. 00| Folder| 12/pc| 35pcs| 35pcs| 420. 00| Ballot Box (Carton)| 5/pc| 35pcs| 35pcs| 175. 00| Packing Tape| 45/pc| 10pcs| 10pcs| 450. 00| Printer| 3,400/pc| 1pc| 1pc| 3,400. 00| Pencil| 6/pc| 50pcs| 50| 300. 00| Ink| 300/set| 1set| 1set| 300. 00| Certification| 3/pc| 24pcs| 24pcs| 72. 00| Snacks (Teachers ;Comelec)| 100| 30pcs| 30pcs| 3,000. 00| | | Total Supplies| Expense/yr| P 12,892. 00| B. Electric ConsumptionHours/Day| Cost/Hour| Daily Rate| Cost/Year| 8| 36. 00| 288. 00| 288. 00| | Total Electric| Expense per Day| P288. 00| Total Existing System Expense P 13,180. 00 C. Equipment Expense Quantity| Item| Price| 1| Power Supply| P 300. 00| 6| Printer Ink| 600. 00| Total Equipment Expense P 900. 00 D. Maintenance Expense Maintenance Fund Expense/Day| 0| Total Maintenance ExpenseP 0. 00| E. Computer Utilization Expense Software Package Cost Visual Basic 6. 0 Microsoft Access 2007| Total Software Costs P 5,000. 00 F. Training/Seminar Exp ense 1 day Training/Seminar Expense| P 300. 00| | | Total System Expense P 6,700. 0 4. 8. 2 Presentation of Benefits YOP| Cost| Future Value| Present Value| Acc. Present Value| 0| -6,700. 00| | | | 1| | P 3,000. 00| P 2,800. 00| P 2,800. 00| 2| | 4,000. 00| 3,780. 00| 6,580. 00| 3| | 5,000. 00| 4,894. 00| 11,474. 00| 4| | 6,000. 00| 5,132. 00| 16,606. 00| 5| | 7,000. 00| 6,356. 00| 22,962. 00| Rate of Return (ROR) (E/C) – 1/nLet E = Earning C = Cost n = Number of days (P 22,962 / P 6,700) – 1/5 = (3. 4272) – 0. 2 = 3. 2272 or 0. 3227% Payback Period ( APV – C/ APV) + Previous YearLet Cost = 6,700. 00 AVP = 16,606. 00 Previous Year = 3 (16,606. 00 – 6,700. 00 / 16,606. 00) + 3 = (0. 59653) + 3 = 3. 9 (3 years and 6 months) CHAPTER V IMPLEMENTATION 5. 1 Implementation Phase In this section, the proposal will discuss the activities that they have to vote in order to the flow of the system. It is included also the maintenance of the system in order to avoid the redundancy of the voting and to keep the good performance of the system for the student of using automated election. The implementation of this proposed system though conditions will also be presented to insure it accuracy, capability in reaching the intended target, effective for producing a desire voters in the election, integrity and to further check the errors. . 2 Program Specification The Visual Basic 6. 0 was used by the system to develop the software programs. Visual Basic 6. 0 offers a file handling performance needed by the system and it is integrated with Microsoft Access 2013 on which the proposed design the database management system. 5. 3 Program Testing After all the modules of the program have been finished, the proposed system test is to see if the output is performed very well for the satisfaction of the user and to avoid the errors that will occur during the election day.Although the proposed system is simulation, the test showed that San Miguel National High School voting system performed the high standard, accuracy, and the reliability of the system. 5. 4 Security and Back Up plans The proposed system has own password for the intended user to protect the system from unauthorized access information. This system also provides an option to create back –up copies of information on the system and place it in secured place outside of the company. Authorized personnel are responsible to keep the back –up files so the in the case of system loss, regeneration is possible. . 5 Maintenance Plan The back –up files should be made in order to maintain the system from possible loss of important data and damages programs. These files are most significant when unexpected hardware failure results in damages program file and loss of data, so the user should at least make two (2) copies of all files every data processing for a better maintenance of the system. 5. 6 User Training In order to have an effective operation of the sys tem, the proposed system suggest that the user should be trained on how to interest with the system to ensure the integrity of the system.The training of the student to use the system is help by the intended administrator who knows the system. This Automated SSG election system is user friendly to ensure the success implementation. CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6. 1 Conclusion As other School and establishments, San Miguel National High School together with their existing system, faced various problems. San Miguel National High School still utilizes the some manual procedure in preparing for their student council election.We, the researchers formulated the objective of the study: To find out the flow and functionality of the present semi-automated system and likewise. Propose and present an automated Student Voting Council system to the sufficient and more lessen of preparing for the coming student election. To cope up with the problems, the researcher’s initial st ep was to study and conduct some interview to school (e. g. SSG Adviser, Officers, and Students). We analyzed the present system so as to locate the various limitations therein.Observations were also done in order to find out the conditions and steps for the voting system. Elections rely heavily on manual tallying and canvassing of votes thus making them vulnerable to control and manipulate. To ensure a credible and transparent electoral process, the modernization of the electoral system through computerization shall be supported to ensure the credibility of polls and correct the deficiencies in the electoral system. To eliminate many ineffective features of the present system, the researcher come up with proposed system modeled basically to counter act the above limitations.Some steps that made the process quit long eliminated as the automated program was sufficient enough. Computations were accomplished by the computer itself while files were kept in order and gathered with reliab le security. The study revealed that utilizing computers will in the long run be financially beneficial to the School. Based on the findings and data gathered, the researchers have come up with the following conclusions: 1. The existing system of San Miguel National High School when having a Student Supreme Government (SSG) election, all transactions like voters’ registration and voting, is done manually. . The existing system generates many problems such as redundant voters, time consuming, heavy workload (esp. SSG Adviser). And difficulty in updating and editing the files of the voters. 3. That there is need for an enhancement of their system due to the problem of their existing system, a new system is entirely required to the substitute the present process that is quit inferior. Voting can be made available in the same day of election. The COMELEC will not be busy the week before the election to prepare all the ballot of every student.The day of the Election they can easil y print the winner of the election signed by SSG adviser. 4. That the new system would meet the limitations of the existing manual system. The proposed automated SSG voting council system is effective because the computation and manipulation of files are done by the computer, thus eliminating redundancy, voters records will be refrained these may be possibly eliminated. 5. The researchers also recommend this study to the students as a guide in doing the same study in other public or private purposes. 6. 2 RecommendationsThe researchers recommend that the proposed system be implemented as to put an end may enormous work shouldered, by the voters in the COMELEC of San Miguel National High School. In implementing this system, the COMELEC can work harmoniously have more quality time spent for other tasks, and system will be freed from deficiencies. The researchers believed that the proposed system offers quality services without spending much time and effort. It is also recommended that the school comply with the requirements of the proposed system so that difficulties may be possibly eliminated.