Quantitave Plating

BioSci 101 – Lab Section 810 QUANTITATIVE PLATING PURPOSE The purpose of this lab is to see the effects of pasteurization while emphasizing the process for serial dilutions. PROCEDURE See references (1) RESULTS As the dilution factor increased for both the raw milk (unpasteurized) and pasteurized milk samples, the number of colonies decreased. The number of cells/mL in the pasteurized milk sample is considerably less than the number of cells/mL in the raw milk sample. RAW (UNPASTEURIZED) SAMPLE Dilution Factor| Number of Colonies| Number of cells/mL| 10-3| TMTC| TMTC| 0-4| TMTC| TMTC| 10-5| TMTC| TMTC| 10-6| 284| 284,000,000 cells/mL| 10-7| 44| 440,000,000 cells/mL| | AVERAGE| 362,000,000 cells/mL| PASTEURIZED SAMPLE Dilution Factor| Number of Colonies| Number of cells/mL| 10-3| 71| 71,000 cells/mL| 10-4| 9 (TLTC)| TLTC| 10-5| 6 (TLTC)| TLTC| 10-6| 1 (TLTC)| TLTC| 10-7| 12 (TLTC)| TLTC| | AVERAGE| 71,000 cells/mL| DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Pasteurization, a process named after sc ientist Louis Pasteur, involves the application of heat to destroy the majority of human pathogens in foods.In the dairy industry, pasteurization involves the â€Å"heating of every particle of milk or milk product to a specific temperature for a specified period of time without allowing recontamination of that milk or milk product during the heat treatment process. † (2) For public health purposes, pasteurization is the process of making milk and milk products safe for human consumption by destroying all bacteria that may be harmful to health. (2) A serial dilution is a laboratory technique in which a substance is decreased in concentration in a series of proportional amounts. Dilutions are usually made in multiples of 10. 3) The viable plate count procedure allowed for live cells in the milk samples to be analyzed. The raw milk (unpasteurized) sample demonstrated too many colony forming units to count in the first three dilutions of 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5. The 10-6 dilution d emonstrated 284,000,000 cells/mL and the 10-7 dilution demonstrated 440,000,000 cells/mL. This demonstrates that raw milk contains a lot of bacteria even after multiple serial dilutions. In the 10-3 pasteurized sample, the plate exhibited 71,000 cells/mL. The results of the additional dilution samples contained too few colony forming units to count.However, in the 10-7 dilution, although the plate demonstrated 12 colonies, there should have been no colony forming units on this plate. The reasons for this could have been that this sample was contaminated from â€Å"double-dipping† the sample before dispensing it onto the plate or when using the pipette, it mistakenly was inserted in a higher concentration sample and then immediately to a lower concentration sample before it was dispensed onto the plate. The results suggest that pasteurization kills most pathogens in milk by brief exposure to relatively high temperature.This was demonstrated most beneficially with the 10-6 and 10-7 dilutions wherein the raw milk exhibited 284,000,000 cells/mL and 440,000,000 cells/mL respectively and the pasteurized milk had too few cell colony forming units to even count. Unpasteurized milk is not healthy for people to drink. For example, in a study performed in December of 2001, the bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, a microaerophilic bacteria commonly found in animal feces, was found in unpasteurized milk at an organic dairy farm in Wisconsin and caused 75 people, ages 2 to 63, to become ill. 4) Therefore, pasteurized milk is essential for ensuring good quality, nearly bacteria-free drinkable milk. REFERENCES 1. BioSci 101, Section 810 – PowerPoint Lab 9A 2. http://www. foodsci. uoguelph. ca/dairyedu/pasteurization. html 3. BioSci 101, General Survey of Microbiology Laboratory Supplement Fall 2012 4. http://foodsafety. ksu. edu/articles/1138/Raw_Milk_Outbreak_Table. pdf

Strategic Leadership for Change Management Article

Strategic Leadership for Change Management - Article Example The paper tells that human relations in many ways are nothing but a manifestation goodwill and common sense in practice. To a large degree of success entrepreneur in the field of human relations depend on such things how to make a nice job in a supermarket or an attractive work at the factory. Entrepreneurs often ignore these simple things, especially when their business is only growing. At the initial stage entrepreneurship, they generally have to worry only about themselves, and maybe it’s not numerous staff. Solid consciousness common purpose binds the owner of the company and its staff. But as addition, as new employees, this relationship is waning, if the entrepreneur does not pay enough attention to the so-called human problems. Currently, many companies have become so cumbersome that workers lose the possibility of human contact with their by employers. In some areas of manufacturing high degree of automation leads to the fact that workers lack, for example, feelings of satisfaction and involvement with the product, in which manufacturing have contributed. Many workers do not even have a clue about that the purpose for which the buyer uses their product. Robotic the nature of a significant proportion of their work does not have arisen from them a sense of self-esteem. Leadership has been the object of study when, in early twentieth century began for the first time to study management. However, only between 1930 and 1950 was the first time undertook the study of leadership on a large scale and systematic basis. These early studies set out to identify the property or the personal characteristics effective leaders. According to the theory of personal leadership, and certain set of common for all personal qualities. Developing this idea, it can be argued that if these qualities can be identified, people could to learn how to raise them yourself, and thus become effective leaders. Some of these learned traits - this level of intelligence and knowledge, impressive appearance, honesty, common sense, initiative, social and economic education and a high degree of confidence in itself. In the 40s, scientists began to study the collected facts of the relationship between personal skills and leadership. Unfortunately, despite the hundreds held research, they agreed on a set of qualities that certainly distinguish big leader. In 1948 Stogdill made comprehensive review of research in the field of leadership, which noted that study of the personal qualities continues to give conflicting results. He found that leaders tend to their intellect and the desire to knowledge, reliability, responsibility, activity, social participation and socio - economic status. However, Stogdill also noted that in different situations, effective leaders exhibited different personal of quality. He then concluded, with whom would agree today scientists - behavioral: "Man is not only the head due to the fact that he has a certain set of personal characteristics." The conclusion is that there is no set of personal qualities, which present in all effective leaders are often cited as evidence that the effectiveness of leadership is situational in nature. However, the Stogdill said that his view is not enough emphasizes the personal nature of leadership. He argues that there are substantial evidence for the fact that different situations require different ability and quality. Although he did not call back to an approach to leadership in terms of personal qualities, Stogdill concluded that "the structure personal qualities of the head should be related to personal qualities, activities and tasks of his subordinates." Change Management In present times, organizations of all types live many changes in nature and scale, different with temporalities and rhythms variables (Wentz, 1999, pp. 78). These changes appear, on the one hand, as more or less of questioning the ways of acting and thinking found unsatisfactory, also the

World Demographic Characteristics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World Demographic Characteristics - Assignment Example Better health and educational outcomes are obtained since parents are allowed to invest more resources per child. Increasing domestic demand is the fourth mechanism that results from decreasing dependency ratio and increasing GDP per capita. Fertility that is small leads to low youth dependency and high working-age ratio to the total population. Apart from global issues, demographics has an important role in the day-to-day decision making of the local and national government The demographic baseline models that can be used include the demographic stochasticity which describes the randomness that would result from the inherently discrete nature of the gender and race demographic features. The stochastic model can handle the uncertainty in the in the inputs built into it. For producing the kind of results the politician is asking for the stochastic model, is absolutely necessary, since it will present the result as a probability or when the variance is significant. A methodological consequence of the adaptation of such techniques is that forecast uncertainty can be handled probabilistically.   An enormous dataset of the gender and race demographic features will tend towards this model, only because the model allows for a greater variety of variables. The second demographic baseline model that can be used is the deterministic model since it does a better job of identifying conditions that are sufficient and necessary. In gender and race demographic features, the sufficient and necessary variables would be dropped from the model since it would predict the outcome perfectly. This model does not include randomness elements; every time the model will be run with the same initial condition the same results will be obtained. Another demographic model that can be used is macroeconomic.

Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Reagan - Essay Example Ronald Reagan’s major focus during his first term was reviving the economy his administration inherited, which was plagued by a new phenomenon known as stagflation (a stagnant economy combined with high inflation). His administration fought double-digit inflation by supporting Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker’s decision to tighten the money supply by dramatically hiking interest rates. Economist Milton Friedman said, â€Å"Reagan understood that there was no way of ending inflation without monetary restraint and a temporary recession†. Friedman feels there were three key elements inherent in Reagan’s fiscal policy. Which was primarily designed to curb social spending and increase defense spending. Reagan according to Friedman, accomplished this in three ways:(1) by slashing tax rates and so cutting Congress’s allowance. (2) by being willing to take a severe recession to end inflation. In the opinion of Friedman, no other post-war president would have been willing to back the Volcker Fed in its tough stance in 1981-82. I can testify from personal knowledge that Reagan knew what he was doing. He understood that there was no way of ending inflation without monetary restraint and a temporary recession. As in every area, he stuck to his guns and looked to the long term.(3)and in some ways the least recognized, by attacking government regulations. The federal Register records the thousands of detailed rules and regulations that federal agencies churn out in the course of a year.... and his detractors did not have such a regal assessment of his policies; "Reagan's theory was really 'trickle down' economics borrowed from the Republican 1920's (Harding- Coolidge-Hoover) and renamed 'supply side'. Cut tax rates for the wealthy; every one else will benefit. The supply side rhetoric 'was always a Trojan horse to bring down the top rate'. Many middle-class and poor citizens figured it out, even if the reporters did not". (Greider) Two years into Reagan's presidency, the United States experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression, with unemployment peaking at 10.8 per cent. Rather than take responsibility, Reagan attempted to blame the 1982 recession on his predecessor, Jimmy Carter. -Ronald Reagan, nationally televised campaign speech, October 24, 1980-(federal deficits totaled #252 billion under Carter. By the end of the Reagan presidency, federal deficits would total $1.4 trillion. Early in his presidency, Reagan chose as his economic advisors a group that espoused a radical economic theory called "supply-side". The supply siders told Reagan that if he gave tax cuts to the top brackets (the wealthiest individuals) the positive effects would "trickle down" to everyone else. Tax cuts they argued, would produce so much growth in the economy that America could just outgrow its deficits. Reagan bought into the supply side theory, which is why in 1981 he predicted that there would be a "drastic

Article responses - Adorno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article responses - Adorno - Essay Example (Pg. 3)† As quoted above, it is also mentioned throughout the article that the history of modern music in no longer tolerating â€Å"meaningful juxtaposition of antithesis.† Indeed, music is taking a turn of its own accord by going against the cultural industry and into its own domain. Modern music is finding its own place for itself. Music is one of the only forms of art that has had a difficult time in being recognized in the media, and for the audiences. The non-conceptual and the non-objective elements that are in music appeal to philosophical ideas, and yet this is what has hardened it against the market-place mentality. People do not want to sell or to listen to music that they cannot understand because it is above their level of comprehension. Sellers and audiences want something basis that everyone can enjoy. When radical music first became known, it was put into complete isolation during the last stages of industrialism. Because of this, music that was feigning â€Å"modernity† and â€Å"seriousness† arose, almost as a mockery to the true radical music that was never made known. The artists of the radical music were thrown into a false sense of peace. Not only was their music not being put out to the public, but also other artists were making a mockery of it. Naturally, appealing to audiences everywhere, as it made more sense; the false modern and serious music played a bigger role in the music industry during that time. Another type of music, following that of a philosophical sort, was that of intellectualism. It is noted in the article that intellectualism is more appealing to the brain, as opposed to the heart or to the ears. The article states, â€Å"It is in no way conceived by the senses, but rather worked out on paper. (Pg. 11)† As bizarre as this may seem, seeing as music is something that first, in most cases, touches the ears or the heart, intellectualism became one of the more common types of music. This was a

Main principles of industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Main principles of industrial revolution - Essay Example According to North, "institutions change shapes the way societies evolve through time and hence is the key to understanding historical change"(1990:vii, 3). Poor economic performance is the result of inefficient institutional structures. The difference growth rates among nations are the result of different types of societal rules that nations have. The great progress made by England compared to Spain is the different institutional structure of the two countries. Spain adopted a conquest strategy while England used a commerce strategy. However, there are some who consider North's emphasis on the importance of institutions too naive. According to Donald Snooks, what determines the industrial climate and economic growth is not the institutions but individuals who are capable of making decisions (292). Ideal institutional framework alone cannot achieve success in economic progress. There should be the apt technology for the success of any economic revolution. The Industrial revolution in England was fuelled by great technological change. This may be called the dynamic strategy of technological change. The growth that England showed in the middle ages was slowly losing the impetus by the 16th century and resulted in gradualism. This continued for many more years and the English economy stagnated in the early 1700(Wringley, 1994:32). Only a big push could save the country from financial ruins. Luckily for England a combination of Technological strides coupled with matching strength of institutions came to the rescue of the nation. The commercial change of the industrial transformation was not connected with England alone. Even France was an ideal soil for a change. Certain combination of factors in England made it a possibility. A major chunk of these were technological leaps that England had made. The adequate institutions that England evolved were also a major factor. Transportation in England had the support of the railways and steam engines. Further steam engines reduced human factor in industry. The global markets became accessible due to navigation. England replaced the institution of regulation and encouraged the climate of competition. The central factor in the success of Industrial Revolution was the cheaper method of manufacturing products and cheaper ways of transporting them across the globe. There was adequate institutional support for these activities. The technology strategy replaced the need to conquer others and resulted in the realization that colonies are not necessary for economic growth but countries capable of entering into trade relations. Early in history England realized that economic growth is possible only if individuals worked through market. This realization helped England to form institutions based on laissez-faire policy. The English institutions were the individuals working through market. This resulted in legal system that protected the rights of the individual and private property. The political system gave enterprising individuals the chance to defend their sources of wealth. The educations system provided the skills required for cheaper production. In brief the system followed in Englan d for technological transformation was a system of freely operating market that gave the individual the ability to take decisions. So for the private individual to maximize returns on

Riding a wave of creative destruction reflections on Ecology and Essay

Riding a wave of creative destruction reflections on Ecology and Society - Essay Example The comparison between academic exercises carried out and stored on paper with the new trend of doing the same thing electronically is done in this article in a systematic way. The overall position taken by this article is in favor of the use of electronic medium in academic exercises. As the present use of the electronic medium in academic research is full of controversies, and has always been questioned in terms of credibility and authenticity, this article has tried to prove it otherwise. A step-by-step explanation is offered on all the aspects of credibility and authenticity. This is why it is asserted by the authors (Gunderson, Folke, and Lee) that â€Å"Ecology and Society (has) set out to become a credible scientific outlet by asking respected scientists to be members of the editorial board, and implementing a double-blind review process for each manuscript.† This article, also stresses another important feature of going electronic in academic research. It is reminded t hat electronic publishing involves less technical hurdles and less financial liabilities, thereby enabling the publisher to disseminate information and knowledge for free. There is also the acknowledgement that the new approach in academic research is here to stay- whereby the â€Å"interdisciplinary niche† is established (Gunderson, Folke, and Lee).